Chinese food
Essential facts for a first time western traveler to China
With origins dating back millennia, the history of Chinese food is certainly long and incredibly delicious.
Chinese cuisine is said to have originated in the central part of China, and is one of just three cuisines (French and Turkish are the other two) that profoundly influenced countries throughout East Asia. Studies of Chinese food history point to literature that indicate China was cooking barbecued meat, grilled fish, and other ‘common’ foods over 5,000 years ago.
There are many things which distinguish Chinese food: ethnic influences, regional diversity, geographic location, availability of ingredients. However, there are some general principles.
As Chinese food evolved through history, influenced greatly by natural disasters and poor harvest, the cuisine was crafted around the five flavors of Yiyin - sweet, sour, bitter, pungent, and salty - more on this below. Dishes tend to be prepared following one or a number of preparation methods. A Chinese cook - whether domestic or commercial - will know how to braise, steam, stir-fry, deep-fry, boil, or roast. Fermentation is also a feature of Chinese food, making its way into sauces, side dishes, and condiments. And of course, there is the ubiquitous presence of steamed rice at virtually every meal.
Yes, there is more to Chinese food than these fews facts, so let’s do some historical food exploration.
Yi Yin: The Culinary God of China
Over 3,500 years ago, Yi Yin was not only a politician, thinker, and minister during the Shang Dynasty, he was also a great master of cooking. Yi Yin was regarded as a philosophical chef or the Culinary God of China, on the basis of his philosophy the whole world was a kitchen. In fact, as a way to encourage the pursuit of Tang during the Shang Dynasty, he translated the “philosophy of governance” into a “mouth-watering recipe”. Essentially, this philosophy made an analogy between “the principle of cooking” and the “principles of state administration”.
In simple terms, this meant managing the country was a bit like cooking a delicious meal. Bringing together different raw ingredients, using different cooking methods, and drawing on heat control elements of good quality water, wood, and fire, it is possible to produce harmony between the five flavors of sweet, sour, bitter, pungent, and salty. Yi Yin’s theory of the harmony between five flavors of Chinese cooking endures today having pervaded other areas of Chinese life. Read more
Just take its influence in traditional Chinese medicine wherein it is taught the harmony of five flavors not only improves the enjoyment of taste, but also helps with health by keeping balance in the body. It is even recommended for treatment of illness and injury. One fine example of how traditional Chinese medicine was influenced by Yi Yin is through the main method of taking Chinese medicine, which is drinking Chinese medicine soup. Otherwise known as Chinese medicine herbal tea made from certain plants and herbs, legend has it that Yi Yin created the “soup” method for taking medicine.
History of Chinese food: Dining through the dynasties
There is no question that Chinese people love their food. Not only are regional flavors of importance, planning, preparing, and sharing meals communally with friends and family rests at the heart of Chinese culture .
It’s hardly a surprise to learn that this appreciation of food has been around for a very long time. It seems we have much to thank the Shang Dynasty, earliest recorded in China. Aside from the significant advances made in maths, astronomy, art, and military technology, it was during Shang Dynasty rule that the five flavors of Yiyin appeared.
Further culinary evolution followed during the Zhou Dynasty, appearing as the famous - and lucky flavors - of the ‘Eight Treasures’ . Each subsequent dynasty, including the Han, Wei, Southern, and Northern dynasties, brought with it new flavors and culinary developments. Read more
However, food historians agree that it was the Song Dynasty which represented the pinnacle of evolution in Chinese cuisine. During this period, hundreds of dishes took shape: hot and cold, soups, and dishes of great color and flavor, adding to the existing repertoire based on the predominant South, North and Sichuan flavors.
Later dynasties (Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties) continued this seemingly unstoppable trend, with many thousands of dishes emerging. Particularly during the Qing Dynasty, until the beginning of the Republic of China when more foreigners arrived in China, Chinese food was influenced by western cuisine and a fusion of flavors was born.
After the People’s Republic of China was founded, and particularly since 1979, traditional dishes from all parts of China have re-emerged and returned to popularity. More recently, there has even been a trend to imitate the food of the Tang and Song dynasties, as well as Confuscian and Honglou dishes.
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Chinese food: A variety of cuisines
As a country that is expansive and diverse geographically, there is huge variability in climate, availability of ingredients, agricultural production, culture and beliefs. Consequently, regional cuisines emerged, creating the many flavors of China.
It is widely recognised there are eight major Chinese culinary traditions that are representative of different regions and flavors.
Shandong
Shandong
Sweet and sour carp and braised sea cucumber with scallion
Si Chuan
Si Chuan
Cantonese
Cantonese
Min
Min
Su (Huaiyang)
Su (Huaiyang)
Zhe
Zhe
Xiang
Xiang
Hui
Hui
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The role of rice in Chinese food
You could be forgiven for thinking rice accompanies every Chinese meal, however it’s a false assumption depending on where you are.
Of course, there is no doubt rice is a companion to many dishes, however, those living in China’s north are more likely to consume dumplings, wheat noodles and steam buns with a meal. This is due in large part because the northern part of China is colder and drier where it is conducive to wheat production. By contrast, in China’s south, the climate is ideal for growing rice, so it is more likely your meal will be accompanied by rice or rice noodles. Read more
At an informal Chinese meal, each individual usually is given their own bowl of rice to accompany dishes served on communal plates that are shared by everyone around the table. Apart from steamed rice, Chinese rice congee and fried rice are popular in Chinese families, while plain congee with side dishes and youtiao are typical Chinese breakfasts. Traditional fried rice is made with egg and green onions, however if you’re after something more like the dish that is known and loved in every Chinese restaurant around the world, add your own medley of ingredients.
Other interesting facts about Chinese food
So how do you eat Chinese food?
Chopsticks are the western equivalent of ‘cutlery’, used to consume all manner of solid food. Soups and other liquid foods, on the other hand, are eaten with a flat ceramic spoon.
And what about the essential elements of producing a delicious Chinese meal? Take note! As a minimum, you must carefully select and prepare the finest ingredients, bring your very best knife skills, apply the correct cooking principles with heat neither too high nor low, and use precise seasoning. Read more
Chinese cooking methods are diverse. Depending on the dish, the chef will be called upon to stir-fry, stir, steam, boil, stew, simmer, blanch, roast, braise, sauce, pan-fry, deep-fry, bake, smoke. Given the thousands of Chinese dishes, it’s not surprising that each of these can be divided into several categories. The right application of heat is key, and each cooking method applies the heat in a different way. Take steamed pork ribs as an example. Left too long, the meat will overcook; too short and the meat will be underdone.
The order in which Chinese food is consumed is important too. Meals always start with cold dishes, then progress to hot stir-fried dishes, and large dishes (such as a whole steamed fish or roast lamb). Sweet dishes, like white fungus and lotus seeds sweet soup are the precursor to the meal ending with freshly cut fruits. Typically, savoury and light taste dishes are served first, while sweet and strong tasting dishes are served later.
And a final fun fact about Chinese food? The most popular Chinese dishes for westerners are really nothing like you get back home. When you visit China, expect to savor and enjoy all your favorites: sweet and sour pork, kung pao chicken, ma po tofu, wonton soup, dumplings (every possible kind), spring rolls, chow mein and Peking Duck (the real thing!).
Did you know?
UNESCO’s City of Gastronomy project was launched in 2004. There are thirty-six Cities of Gastronomy that have been nominated since then. China has four Cities of Gastronomy on the list which are Chengdu, Macao, Shunde and Yangzhou.
Food in main Chinese cities
Chinese Food Articles
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- S SAXENA wrote a review 30 November 2023LondonChina Tours for Thailand, Cambodia and VietnamWe did Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam tour organised by China Tours. We are very happy with China tour company. All our hotels accommodation was excellent. all our Guilds in all three countries were very good and speak very good English. Our transport arrangements during tour and airport pickup and drop off was in time for our flights. I did the tour of South Korea and China with China Tours, This November 2023 tour was based on my good experience with China tours in the past
- Nicababy Lin wrote a review 12 November 2023Jacksonville, Florida5 days 4 nights tour at Beijing and Xi’an with ChinatoursI did a 5 days 4 nights solo private tour trip with “Chinatours.com” to Beijing and Xi’an. I am really satisfied with the itinerary and flexibility of how “Chinatours” allows me to add and customize my trip. A little hiccup, when I arrived at Xi’An high speed rail station from Beijing, my tour guide, Helen when to a different station to wait for me as they have two different rail station. Despite this, I felt her sincerity to welcome me in Xi’an whilst she kept apologizing. Upon arriving at the hotel, guess what? The hotel gave me a free upgrade to a Suite. A whole Suite by myself!Awesome!Wish I had more time to stay in the hotel room though but my itinerary was packed. I arrived pretty late that night. Regardless, the room was decorated to give this ancient China historical ambience. It’s huge and clean. Hotel name is Grand Mecure on Renminbi Square. Breakfast included. Breakfast was alright, I had better breakfast choices in Beijing. Next morning, Helen (tour guide) arrived early to the hotel to pick me up and start my trip. I managed to squeezed through the crowds and got an impressive view of the Terra-cotta army! Wow!!! It’s a must to come to Xi An and look at this army yourself. Helen (tour guide) treated me to a popular terracotta shaped chocolate ice cream. She said to make up for the hiccup last night. I bought a history book that is all in English. If you love reading history I recommend to buy the book. We had some thick wide noodles for lunch. It’s called “Biang Biang Mian”. In the evening, I went to walk the ancient City Wall. Saw the bell tower and drum tower too. Then I had dinner at the mall nearby the hotel. Final day at Xi’An, started with a beautiful weather, visited Big Wild Goose Pagoda and Xi’an Museum. I went to watched a 30 mins Tang Dynasty musical instrument show. I recommend only people who are really interested to know more about Chinese music to attend. Then I went to Great Mosque and walked along Muslim street. Try a giant BBQ squid, it was alright. Had the crispy chinese croissant with minced pork and wanton soup for lunch. Delicious! Overall, Helen really took care of my needs and I love her knowledge on the history of China and Xi’An. I almost forgot, both tour guides from Beijing and Xi’An are bilingual. They are fluent in English. I had a really great time in China and I am definitely visiting China again in the near future! Cheers! I wrote a separate review for my experience in Beijing.
- Cheristiawan H wrote a review 8 November 2023
Great Trip Datong and PingyaoExcellent service provided to our Datong and Pingyao trip...will recommend to our friends for china trip... Great service also from Martha from China Tours
- Sonya A wrote a review 21 September 2023Towcester, United KingdomChina Tours 13 day tourMy daughter and I just returned from a fantastic 13 day trip to China with China Tours. The organisation and itinerary were excellent and our guides were really helpful and knowledgable. We had an absolutely brilliant time and a lot of that is down to the China Tours staff. When my daughter left her favourite jacket behind in Chengdu, Martha immediately arranged to have it sent on to the guide in Shanghai for us. I thoroughly recommend China Tours to anyone considering a holiday in China.
- Tom M wrote a review 20 September 2023Cork, IrelandChinatours.com’s “Essence Of China” is fantastic. Highly Recommended.We have just come back from a ten day tour of China. We booked it online with Chinatours.com and we were not disappointed, Martha could not have been more helpful. We visited Beijing, Xi'an, Zhangjiajie and Shanghai. The experience was phenomenal. Chinatours.com were absolutely fantastic. Everything was superbly organised, the guides were really knowledgeable and friendly. The hotels were all clean and comfortable. The bullet train was eerily quiet and smooth even at 350km/hr. The internal flights, China Eastern Airlines, were all thoroughly enjoyable. The sites were stunning and the experience will stay with us for ever. The trip exceeded all of our expectation. Thoroughly recommended, thank you Chinatours.com for an exceptionally good time. Tom
- 623normant wrote a review Written 14 September 2023
A Journey through China: Exploring 2,100 Miles on Bullet TrainsIntroduction: Two weeks in China became an unforgettable adventure that took me on a tour of this diverse and historically rich country. With the efficient logistics of bullet trains whisking me across 2,100 miles at speeds of up to 350 kph, I had the privilege of being accompanied by knowledgeable guides who were not only well-versed in Chinese history but also took a personal interest in ensuring I had a fulfilling experience. Knowledgeable Guides: The heart of this remarkable journey was undoubtedly the guides who accompanied me throughout. Their expertise in Chinese history was evident as they skillfully narrated the stories behind each site we visited. Their deep knowledge extended beyond facts and dates; they painted vivid pictures of the past, bringing ancient dynasties to life. It was as though I had traveled back in time, understanding the significance of each monument, temple, and landmark. Personalized Experience: What truly set my trip apart was the guides' dedication to ensuring I had a personalized experience. They encouraged questions and patiently answered each one, taking a genuine interest in my curiosity. Their enthusiasm was contagious, making every moment of exploration feel like a shared adventure. They didn't merely recount history; they made it relatable and accessible. Cultural Insights: The guides were not limited to historical narratives; they also delved deep into Chinese culture. From explaining traditional customs and rituals to discussing contemporary trends, I gained a holistic understanding of China's diverse culture. They also shared personal anecdotes, providing a unique perspective on daily life in China. Their stories revealed the warmth and resilience of the Chinese people, making me feel more connected to the country. Exploring China's Rich History: One of the highlights of the trip was the guides' ability to explain China's remarkable 5,000-year history. They seamlessly wove together tales of ancient emperors, philosophers, and dynasties, connecting the past to the present. Through their words, I gained a profound appreciation for the continuity of Chinese civilization. A Modern Marvel: Beyond its rich history, China exceeded my expectations in terms of modernity. I was pleasantly surprised by the clean air, pristine water, and well-maintained streets. The sight of new cars, electric buses, and fast subways was a testament to China's commitment to environmental sustainability and infrastructure development. The subways with marble floors exemplified the attention to detail in every aspect of public life. Conclusion: My two-week journey through China, covering 2,100 miles on bullet trains, was a remarkable experience made truly exceptional by the knowledgeable, passionate, and patient guides who accompanied me. They made sure I not only saw the beauty of China's history but also felt a deep connection to its culture and people. China's blend of ancient heritage and modernity left an indelible mark on me, and I returned home with a newfound appreciation for this incredible nation.